Which heavy metals are commonly associated with nephrotoxicity?

The correct answer highlights the heavy metals that are specifically known to have toxic effects on the kidneys. Lead, mercury, and cadmium are all metals recognized for their nephrotoxic properties.

Lead can cause a range of kidney-related issues, including hypertension and glomerular disease. Chronic exposure can lead to progressive renal impairment due to its effects on renal tubular function.

Mercury is another heavy metal that has been shown to damage the kidneys, particularly affecting the proximal tubules. It can lead to conditions such as nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury.

Cadmium exposure is primarily associated with kidney damage, particularly with chronic exposure leading to kidney dysfunction. It causes damage to the renal tubules and can lead to proteinuria and other renal pathologies.

The other options include elements and compounds that might not be classified as heavy metals or do not correlate as directly with nephrotoxicity, making them less relevant in the context of this specific question. For instance, arsenic, while toxic, is not primarily known for nephrotoxicity compared to the three heavy metals listed in the correct choice. This selection therefore encapsulates the primary heavy metals linked with harmful kidney effects.