Which of the following is associated with neurotoxicity?

Heavy metals are well-documented neurotoxic agents that can have significant adverse effects on the nervous system. Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium can lead to a range of neurological problems, including developmental deficits, cognitive impairment, and peripheral neuropathy. The mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity often involves the generation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of calcium homeostasis, interference with neurotransmitter function, and direct damage to neurons and glial cells.

Neurotoxicity from heavy metals is particularly concerning in vulnerable populations, such as children, because their developing nervous systems are more susceptible to toxic effects. The bioaccumulation of these metals in the body can lead to chronic exposure issues, which can exacerbate neurological damage over time.

In the context of the other choices, while substances like methylene chloride, CCl4, and arsenic can also have toxic effects, they are not classified primarily as neurotoxins to the same extent as heavy metals. Methylene chloride is primarily associated with respiratory and liver toxicity, CCl4 is well-known for its hepatotoxicity, and arsenic is linked more with carcinogenic effects and other organ toxicity rather than being specifically neurotoxic. Heavy metals stand out due to